Argentinean Americans History and Culture

The name Argentina comes from the Latin word "argentum," meaning silver, and hence the country is sometimes referred to as "The Land of Silver." The official designation of the country is Republic of Argentina. It occupies the southernmost part of South America, with a land area of 2,791,810 square kilometers, or more than 15 percent of the continental surface. Its territory also includes the South Atlantic islands and the Antarctic sector, totaling 2.35 million square miles, or about one-third of the size of the United States. According to the 1991 Argentinean census, the country had a population of over 32 million people, which represented 12 percent of the total population of South America, ranking third after Brazil and Colombia. The majority of Argentineans, around 90 percent, are Roman Catholics by birth. The population also includes a small Protestant minority, about two percent, and a significant Jewish community, estimated at 400,000 people, mostly concentrated in Buenos Aires.

The country is characterized by its ethnic diversity, as about 90 percent of its population descends from immigrants from Italy and Spain. Between the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Argentina also received immigrants from other European countries, such as Germany, Poland, Wales, Ireland, Lebanon, Hungary, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, as well as from non-European countries, such as Japan, Korea, and Switzerland. Many of these immigrants intended to stay in Argentina temporarily, seeking to escape the hardships and conflicts that afflicted Europe during World War I, and hoping to return to their homelands after improving their economic situation. However, many of them ended up settling permanently in Argentina, either because they felt they had invested too much effort and time to give up what they had achieved, or because their children and relatives had adopted Argentina as their home. This generated a sense of nostalgia and longing for their original countries, which is reflected in the Argentinean culture, especially in its musical expressions. Argentina also hosts a large number of immigrants from neighboring countries, such as Uruguay, Chile, Bolivia, Peru, and Paraguay, who amount to about 760,000 people. 

A map of the United States with Argentinean flags in each state that has a population of Argentinean Americans

History of Immigration

The history of Argentinean immigration to the United States can be divided into several phases, each influenced by different political, economic, and social factors in Argentina and the U.S.

The First Wave: 1950s and 1960s

The first wave of Argentinean immigrants arrived in the U.S. during the 1950s and 1960s, mainly seeking better economic opportunities and education. Many of them were highly educated professionals, such as scientists, engineers, doctors, and teachers. Some of them also came to pursue artistic careers, such as actors, musicians, and writers. They settled mostly in urban areas, especially New York City, Los Angeles, and Miami, where they found existing communities of Argentineans and other Latinos. ²

The Second Wave: 1970s and 1980s

The second wave of Argentinean immigrants came to the U.S. in the 1970s and 1980s, fleeing the political turmoil and violence of the military dictatorship that ruled Argentina from 1976 to 1983. The dictatorship was responsible for the disappearance, torture, and murder of thousands of people who opposed its policies, known as the "Dirty War". Many of the victims were young students, workers, and activists. Some of the survivors and their families sought refuge in the U.S., where they received asylum and humanitarian aid. They numbered about 45,000 people, and joined the existing Argentinean communities in the U.S. ²

The Third Wave: 1990s and 2000s

The third wave of Argentinean immigrants came to the U.S. in the 1990s and 2000s, following the economic crisis and social unrest that hit Argentina in the late 1990s and early 2000s. The crisis was caused by a series of factors, such as the neoliberal policies of the government, the corruption and mismanagement of public funds, the devaluation of the currency, the default on the foreign debt, and the rise of unemployment and poverty. The crisis sparked massive protests and riots, which led to the resignation of several presidents and the collapse of the political system. Many Argentineans lost their savings, their jobs, and their hope for the future. Some of them decided to emigrate to the U.S., where they hoped to find better opportunities and stability. They numbered about 100,000 people, and mostly settled in Florida, California, and New York. ²

The Fourth Wave: 2010s and 2020s

The fourth wave of Argentinean immigrants is still ongoing, and is driven by the economic decline and social discontent that have affected Argentina since the 2010s. The decline was worsened by the global recession, the inflation, the fiscal deficit, the trade restrictions, the currency controls, and the political polarization. The discontent was expressed by various sectors of society, such as workers, students, farmers, and middle class, who demanded more democracy, transparency, and social justice. Some of the dissatisfied Argentineans chose to leave the country and move to the U.S., where they sought more freedom and prosperity. They numbered about 50,000 people, and mostly moved to Texas, Illinois, and New Jersey.

Culture and Identity

Argentinean Americans have a rich and diverse culture, influenced by their ancestral roots, their homeland history, and their host country environment. They have contributed to various fields of American society, such as arts, sciences, sports, business, and politics.

Ancestral Roots

The majority of Argentinean Americans have a mixed ancestry, composed of European, Native American, and African elements. The European element is predominant, and includes mainly Spanish and Italian origins, as well as French, German, British, Irish, Polish, and other European nationalities. The Native American element is also significant, and includes mainly Guaraní, Mapuche, Quechua, and other indigenous groups. The African element is less visible, but still present, and includes mainly West African and Afro-Caribbean origins.

Some Argentinean Americans also have Jewish, Arab, Asian, or other non-European origins, reflecting the diversity of immigration to Argentina throughout its history. For example, there are Argentinean Americans of Jewish descent, who trace their roots to the Sephardic Jews who fled from Spain and Portugal during the Inquisition, or to the Ashkenazi Jews who escaped from Eastern Europe during the World Wars. There are also Argentinean Americans of Arab descent, who trace their roots to the Lebanese, Syrian, Palestinian, or other Arab immigrants who arrived in Argentina in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. There are also Argentinean Americans of Asian descent, who trace their roots to the Chinese, Japanese, Korean, or other Asian immigrants who came to Argentina in the mid-20th and early 21st centuries.

Homeland History

The history of Argentina has shaped the identity and values of Argentinean Americans, who share a common heritage and memory of their homeland. They are proud of their national symbols, such as the flag, the anthem, the coat of arms, and the national flower (the ceibo). They are also proud of their historical figures, such as José de San Martín, the liberator of Argentina and other South American countries from Spanish colonialism, Juan Domingo Perón, the populist leader who championed the rights of workers and women, Eva Perón, the charismatic first lady who fought for social justice and became a cultural icon, and Ernesto "Che" Guevara, the revolutionary who fought for socialism and anti-imperialism in Cuba and other countries.

Argentinean Americans also have a strong sense of patriotism and nationalism, which is expressed in their support for their homeland in various issues and conflicts, such as the Falklands War, the Malvinas Islands dispute, the human rights violations, the economic crisis, and the soccer rivalry. They also have a strong sense of regionalism and federalism, which is reflected in their attachment to their provinces and cities of origin, such as Buenos Aires, Córdoba, Mendoza, Rosario, Salta, and others.

Family and Community Dynamics

Argentinean Americans have a family and community dynamics that reflect their heritage and identity as Argentineans, as well as their adaptation and integration as Americans. Their family and community dynamics are based on the importance of close and extended kinship ties, the institution of fictive kinship or compadrazgo, and the role of the family as a source of support and solidarity. Their family and community dynamics are also influenced by the changes and challenges brought by modernization, urbanization, and migration, such as the diversification of family forms, the emergence of new social networks, and the maintenance of transnational connections.

Argentinean Americans have a family and community dynamics that are characterized by their diversity, complexity, and resilience. They have a family and community dynamics that offer various benefits and opportunities, such as social capital, cultural identity, and mutual aid. They have a family and community dynamics that also pose various difficulties and conflicts, such as role strain, intergenerational gap, and discrimination.

Some of the most significant and interesting aspects of Argentinean American family and community dynamics are:

• The prevalence and persistence of extended family relations, which include not only parents and children, but also grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, in-laws, and sometimes even the families of the in-laws. Extended family relations are maintained through frequent contact, communication, and interaction, such as visits, phone calls, letters, and social media. Extended family relations are also reinforced through the exchange of goods, services, and information, such as gifts, loans, advice, and referrals. Extended family relations provide Argentinean Americans with emotional, material, and moral support, especially in times of need, crisis, or transition.
• The importance and popularity of fictive kinship or compadrazgo, which is a form of ritual kinship that establishes a bond between two or more individuals or families who are not biologically related. Compadrazgo is usually created through the sponsorship of a child's baptism, confirmation, or wedding, by a godparent or padrino, who becomes a co-parent or compadre of the child's parents. Compadrazgo can also be created through other forms of ritual or symbolic acts, such as sharing blood, exchanging names, or making vows. Compadrazgo creates a network of obligations and expectations, such as mutual respect, loyalty, and assistance, between the compadres and their families. Compadrazgo also creates a sense of belonging and identity, as the compadres share common values, beliefs, and traditions.
• The adaptation and transformation of family forms and roles, which reflect the diversity and complexity of Argentinean American families. Argentinean American families can have different structures and compositions, such as nuclear, single-parent, blended, or extended. Argentinean American families can also have different patterns and arrangements, such as cohabitation, divorce, remarriage, or adoption. Argentinean American families can also have different dynamics and functions, such as decision-making, division of labor, or socialization. Argentinean American families face various challenges and opportunities in adjusting to the changing social and economic conditions, such as gender equality, work-family balance, or intercultural competence.
• The emergence and development of new social networks and associations, which complement and supplement the traditional family and community ties. Argentinean Americans participate in various groups and organizations, such as churches, schools, clubs, and associations, that offer them social, cultural, and civic opportunities and resources. Argentinean Americans also interact with various groups and individuals, such as neighbors, coworkers, friends, and acquaintances, that offer them social, professional, and personal opportunities and resources. Argentinean Americans also use various media and technologies, such as radio, television, internet, and mobile phones, that offer them information, entertainment, and communication opportunities and resources.
• The maintenance and enhancement of transnational connections and activities, which link Argentinean Americans with their homeland and other countries. Argentinean Americans maintain contact and communication with their relatives and friends in Argentina, as well as with other Argentinean communities in the U.S. and abroad, through various means, such as phone calls, emails, social media, and visits. Argentinean Americans also engage in economic and political activities that involve Argentina, such as sending remittances, investing in businesses, supporting causes, or voting in elections. Argentinean Americans also participate in cultural and social activities that express their Argentinean identity, such as celebrating holidays, listening to music, watching sports, or eating food.

Host Country Environment

The environment of the United States has also influenced the culture and identity of Argentinean Americans, who have adapted to and integrated into the American society. They have learned English, the official language of the U.S., and have also maintained Spanish, their native language, or Italian, their ancestral language. They have also acquired American citizenship, and have participated in the political and civic life of the U.S., exercising their rights and duties as American citizens. They have also embraced the American values of democracy, freedom, and diversity, and have respected the American laws and institutions.

Argentinean Americans have also assimilated some aspects of the American culture, such as the customs, the holidays, the food, the music, and the sports. They have celebrated American holidays, such as Thanksgiving, Christmas, and Independence Day, and have also preserved Argentinean holidays, such as May Revolution Day, Independence Day, and National Flag Day. They have enjoyed American food, such as hamburgers, pizza, and hot dogs, and have also kept Argentinean food, such as empanadas, asado, and mate. They have listened to American music, such as rock, pop, and hip hop, and have also retained Argentinean music, such as tango, folk, and rock nacional. They have played American sports, such as baseball, basketball, and football, and have also continued Argentinean sports, such as soccer, polo, and rugby.

Religion

Argentinean Americans have a religion that reflects their heritage and identity as Argentineans, as well as their adaptation and integration as Americans. Their religion is based on the predominance of Roman Catholicism, the official and historical religion of Argentina, and the diversity of other faiths and beliefs, such as Protestantism, Judaism, Islam, and Buddhism. Their religion is also influenced by the secularization and pluralization of the society, such as the decline of religious practice, the rise of religious freedom, and the emergence of new religious movements.

Argentinean Americans have a religion that is characterized by its variety, quality, and vitality. They have a religion that offers various forms and expressions of spirituality, such as rituals, symbols, and values. They have a religion that can be used in different settings and occasions, such as personal, familial, and communal. They have a religion that can be shared with other groups and individuals, as a way of expressing their culture, identity, and solidarity. 

Some of the most relevant and interesting aspects of Argentinean American religion are:

• The majority and persistence of Roman Catholicism, which accounts for about 93% of the Argentinean American population, according to the 2021 U.S. Census. Roman Catholicism is the religion that most Argentinean Americans inherited from their ancestors, who were converted by the Spanish missionaries and colonizers. Roman Catholicism is also the religion that most Argentinean Americans identify with, as a symbol of their national and cultural identity. Roman Catholicism is also the religion that most Argentinean Americans practice, to some extent, as a source of guidance and comfort.
• The diversity and growth of other religions, which account for about 7% of the Argentinean American population, according to the 2021 U.S. Census. These include Protestant denominations, such as Evangelical, Pentecostal, and Adventist, which have attracted many converts from Catholicism, especially among the poor and the marginalized. These also include Jewish communities, which have a long and rich history in Argentina, and have preserved their traditions and institutions. These also include Muslim communities, which have increased in recent years due to immigration from Arab countries, and have established their mosques and schools. These also include Buddhist communities, which have emerged from the influence of Asian cultures, and have offered their teachings and practices.
• The secularization and pluralization of the society, which have affected the religious landscape and behavior of Argentinean Americans. Secularization refers to the process of losing the influence and relevance of religion in the public and private spheres, due to factors such as modernization, urbanization, and globalization. Secularization is evident in the decline of religious practice, affiliation, and authority among Argentinean Americans, who have become more indifferent, disenchanted, or critical of religion. Pluralization refers to the process of increasing the diversity and complexity of religious options and expressions, due to factors such as migration, communication, and innovation. Pluralization is evident in the rise of religious freedom, tolerance, and dialogue among Argentinean Americans, who have become more open, curious, or eclectic about religion.

Language

Argentinean Americans have a language that reflects their heritage and identity as Argentineans, as well as their adaptation and integration as Americans. Their language is based on the use of Spanish, the official and dominant language of Argentina, and the preparation of dialects and varieties, such as Rioplatense, Litoraleño, and Cordobés. Their language is also influenced by the languages of their ancestors, such as Italian, English, German, and Welsh, and the languages of their neighbors, such as Portuguese, Guarani, and Quechua. Their language is also enriched by the contributions of other ethnic groups, such as Jewish, Arab, and Asian, who added words and expressions to their vocabulary.

Argentinean Americans have a language that is characterized by its diversity, quality, and flavor. They have a language that offers words and expressions for every situation, mood, and style. They have a language that can be used in different settings, such as formal, informal, and slang. They have a language that can be shared with family, friends, and guests, as a way of expressing their emotions, thoughts, and culture.

Some of the most distinctive and authentic features of Argentinean American language are:

• The use of vos, the second person singular pronoun, instead of tú, to address someone in an informal way. Vos is conjugated differently from tú, for example, vos tenés instead of tú tienes (you have), vos querés instead of tú quieres (you want), vos podés instead of tú puedes (you can). Vos is also used with different forms of courtesy, such as vos me hacés el favor instead of tú me haces el favor (you do me a favor), vos me dejás pasar instead of tú me dejas pasar (you let me pass), vos me decís instead of tú me dices (you tell me).
• The use of che, an interjection that can be used to call someone's attention, to express surprise, agreement, or disagreement, or to emphasize a statement. Che can be used with different tones and meanings, such as che, ¿qué hacés? (hey, what are you doing?), che, ¡qué bueno! (wow, how good!), che, no te creo (come on, I don't believe you), che, escuchame (listen, listen to me). Che can also be used as a term of affection or friendship, especially with names, such as che, Juan, che, María, che, amigo.
• The use of lunfardo, a slang or a type of pidgin that originated in the late 19th and early 20th centuries among the lower classes and immigrants of Buenos Aires. Lunfardo is composed of words and expressions from various languages, such as Italian, Portuguese, French, and English, as well as from indigenous and African languages. Lunfardo is also characterized by the use of metaphors, euphemisms, and wordplay, such as reversing the syllables of a word, for example, tango becomes gotán, café becomes feca, mujer becomes jermu. Lunfardo is often used in tango lyrics, poetry, and humor, as well as in everyday speech.
• The use of English, the official and dominant language of the United States, and the preparation of bilingualism and biculturalism, which are valuable for their integration and advancement. According to the 2021 U.S. Census, 91% of Argentinean Americans speak English proficiently, higher than the national rate of 89%, and the Hispanic rate of 76%. The ability to speak both English and Spanish gives Argentinean Americans a competitive edge in the labor market, as well as a broader perspective in the cultural and social sphere. Bilingualism and biculturalism also enable Argentinean Americans to communicate and collaborate with diverse groups in the U.S. and abroad, fostering mutual understanding and respect.

Challenges and Opportunities

Argentinean Americans have faced various challenges and opportunities in their lives in the United States, which have affected their social and economic status, their education and health, and their relations with other groups.

Social and Economic Status

Argentinean Americans have achieved a relatively high social and economic status in the U.S., compared to other Hispanic groups. They have a median household income of $67,000, higher than the national median of $62,000, and the Hispanic median of $51,000. They have a poverty rate of 9%, lower than the national rate of 12%, and the Hispanic rate of 18%. They have a homeownership rate of 58%, higher than the Hispanic rate of 47%, but lower than the national rate of 64%. They have an unemployment rate of 4%, lower than the national rate of 6%, and the Hispanic rate of 7%.

However, Argentinean Americans have also faced some social and economic difficulties in the U.S., especially during the periods of recession, crisis, and pandemic. They have experienced discrimination, prejudice, and stereotyping from some sectors of the American society, who have viewed them as foreigners, invaders, or criminals. They have also suffered from exploitation, abuse, and harassment from some employers, landlords, or authorities, who have taken advantage of their vulnerable situation. They have also struggled with the high cost of living, the low wages, and the lack of benefits and protections in some sectors of the economy, such as service, construction, and agriculture.

One of the main challenges that Argentinean Americans face is the instability and uncertainty of their homeland's economy, which affects their remittances, investments, and savings. Argentina has defaulted on its sovereign debt nine times, and has often relied on funding from international institutions and more recently from China. Argentina has also suffered from chronic inflation, currency devaluation, trade restrictions, and fiscal deficit, which have eroded its economic growth and competitiveness. Argentina's economic woes have also triggered social and political unrest, which have undermined its democratic institutions and governance.

On the other hand, one of the main opportunities that Argentinean Americans have is the potential for collaboration and innovation with their host country, which offers a more stable and prosperous environment. Argentinean Americans have a well-educated and skilled workforce, with expertise in various fields such as technology, science, arts, and business. Argentinean Americans have also shown a high degree of entrepreneurship and creativity, launching successful ventures and projects in the U.S. and abroad. Argentinean Americans have also contributed to the cultural and social diversity of the U.S., enriching its identity and values. 

Education and Health

Argentinean Americans have a high level of education and health in the U.S., compared to other Hispanic groups. They have a high school graduation rate of 88%, higher than the national rate of 85%, and the Hispanic rate of 71%. They have a college graduation rate of 38%, higher than the national rate of 32%, and the Hispanic rate of 17%. They have a literacy rate of 99%, higher than the national rate of 97%, and the Hispanic rate of 94%. They have a life expectancy of 79 years, higher than the national average of 78 years, and the Hispanic average of 77 years.

However, Argentinean Americans have also faced some education and health challenges in the U.S., especially during the periods of recession, crisis, and pandemic. They have encountered barriers and gaps in accessing quality and affordable education and health services, such as language, culture, income, and insurance. They have also faced disparities and inequalities in the outcomes and opportunities of education and health, such as achievement, attainment, enrollment, and coverage. They have also suffered from the effects and risks of education and health problems, such as dropout, debt, obesity, and mental health. 

One of the main challenges that Argentinean Americans face is the preservation and transmission of their native language and culture, which are essential for their identity and heritage. According to the 2021 U.S. Census, 81% of Argentinean Americans speak Spanish at home, but only 42% speak it very well. The rate of Spanish proficiency declines with each generation, as Argentinean Americans assimilate to the dominant English language and culture. This may result in the loss of linguistic and cultural diversity, as well as the weakening of ties and connections with their homeland and other Hispanic groups.

On the other hand, one of the main opportunities that Argentinean Americans have is the enhancement and promotion of their bilingualism and biculturalism, which are valuable for their integration and advancement. According to the 2021 U.S. Census, 91% of Argentinean Americans speak English proficiently, higher than the national rate of 89%, and the Hispanic rate of 76%. The ability to speak both English and Spanish gives Argentinean Americans a competitive edge in the labor market, as well as a broader perspective in the cultural and social sphere. Bilingualism and biculturalism also enable Argentinean Americans to communicate and collaborate with diverse groups in the U.S. and abroad, fostering mutual understanding and respect.

Relations with Other Groups

Argentinean Americans have established relations with other groups in the U.S., both within and outside the Hispanic community. They have interacted with other Hispanic groups, such as Mexicans, Cubans, Puerto Ricans, and Colombians, who share some aspects of language, culture, and history with them. They have also interacted with other non-Hispanic groups, such as Americans, Europeans, Asians, and Africans, who offer different perspectives and experiences to them. 

The relations between Argentinean Americans and other groups have been mostly positive, based on mutual respect and cooperation. They have formed friendships, partnerships, and alliances with other groups, in various domains of life, such as work, education, culture, and politics. They have also participated in multicultural events and organizations, such as festivals, parades, associations, and coalitions, that celebrate and promote the diversity and unity of the American society.

However, the relations between Argentinean Americans and other groups have also been sometimes negative, based on mutual distrust and conflict. They have faced competition, rivalry, and hostility from other groups, in various domains of life, such as economy, security, and identity. They have also encountered discrimination, prejudice, and stereotyping from other groups, who have labeled them as arrogant, aloof, or superior, based on some negative traits or stereotypes of Argentineans.

One of the main challenges that Argentinean Americans face is the recognition and representation of their group in the U.S., which are important for their visibility and voice. According to the 2021 U.S. Census, Argentinean Americans make up less than 1% of the total U.S. Hispanic population, and less than 0.1% of the total U.S. population. This makes them a small and often overlooked minority, who may not receive adequate attention and support from the media, the government, and the society. Argentinean Americans may also face difficulties in expressing and asserting their identity and interests, especially in the face of larger and more influential groups.

On the other hand, one of the main opportunities that Argentinean Americans have is the expansion and diversification of their group in the U.S., which are beneficial for their growth and development. According to the 2021 U.S. Census, Argentinean Americans have increased by 36% since 2010, faster than the national growth rate of 7%, and the Hispanic growth rate of 23%. This indicates that Argentinean Americans are a dynamic and emerging group, who may attract more migrants and descendants in the future. Argentinean Americans are also a diverse and heterogeneous group, who come from different regions, backgrounds, and generations of Argentina. This adds to the richness and complexity of their group, as well as the potential for innovation and change.

Cuisine

Argentinean Americans have a cuisine that reflects their diverse and mixed heritage, as well as their adaptation and integration to the American society. Their cuisine is based on the use of fresh and natural ingredients, such as beef, lamb, corn, potatoes, cheese, and herbs, and the preparation of homemade and traditional dishes, such as asado, empanadas, humita, and chimichurri. Their cuisine is also influenced by the Mediterranean cuisines of Spain and Italy, which introduced pasta, pizza, tortilla, and wine to their diet. Their cuisine is also enriched by the contributions of other ethnic groups, such as Jewish, Arab, and Asian, who added dishes such as knishes, falafel, and sushi to their menu.

Argentinean Americans have a cuisine that is characterized by its variety, quality, and flavor. They have a cuisine that offers dishes for every occasion, taste, and budget. They have a cuisine that can be enjoyed in different settings, such as restaurants, cafes, bars, and homes. They have a cuisine that can be shared with family, friends, and guests, as a way of expressing their hospitality, friendship, and culture.

Some of the most popular and authentic dishes of Argentinean American cuisine are:

• Asado: The Argentinean barbecue, which consists of grilling various cuts of meat, such as ribs, steaks, sausages, and sweetbreads, over charcoal or wood fire. Asado is usually accompanied by chimichurri, a green sauce made of parsley, garlic, oregano, vinegar, and oil, and salads, such as potato, tomato, or lettuce. Asado is a social and festive event, where people gather around the grill and enjoy the food and the conversation.
• Empanadas: Stuffed pastries, either baked or fried, filled with different ingredients, such as beef, chicken, cheese, ham, corn, or spinach. Empanadas are a versatile and convenient snack, that can be eaten at any time of the day, and can be found in bakeries, street stalls, or restaurants. Empanadas are also a common appetizer or side dish for asado or other main courses.
• Humita: A creamy corn dish, made of grated corn, onion, cheese, cream, and spices, cooked in a pot or wrapped in corn husks and steamed. Humita is a typical dish of the northwest region of Argentina, where corn is abundant and cultivated. Humita is a hearty and nutritious dish, that can be eaten as a main course or a side dish, and can be served hot or cold.
• Provoleta: A grilled cheese dish, made of sliced provolone cheese, seasoned with oregano, chili flakes, and olive oil, and cooked until melted and crispy. Provoleta is a classic starter or accompaniment for asado, and is usually served with bread and chimichurri. Provoleta is a simple and delicious dish, that showcases the quality and flavor of Argentinean cheese.
• Milanesa: A breaded and fried meat dish, made of thin slices of beef, chicken, or veal, coated with breadcrumbs, eggs, and spices, and fried in oil. Milanesa is a common and popular dish in Argentina, and can be found in restaurants, homes, and schools. Milanesa can be eaten as a main course, with fries, salad, or mashed potatoes, or as a sandwich, with bread, cheese, lettuce, and tomato. Milanesa can also be topped with tomato sauce, cheese, and ham, and baked in the oven, creating a variation called milanesa a la napolitana.
• Dulce de leche: A sweet and creamy caramel spread, made of milk, sugar, and vanilla, cooked slowly until thick and brown. Dulce de leche is a staple of Argentinean desserts, and can be used as a filling or topping for cakes, cookies, pies, ice cream, and crepes. Dulce de leche can also be eaten by itself, with a spoon, or spread on bread or crackers. Dulce de leche is a decadent and indulgent treat, that satisfies any sweet tooth.

Mate

Mate is a traditional drink of Argentina, and a symbol of its culture and identity. Mate is made from an infusion of dried leaves of the yerba mate plant, which grows in the subtropical regions of South America. Mate is prepared in a gourd, called a mate, and sipped through a metal straw, called a bombilla. Mate is usually consumed hot, and can be sweetened with sugar or honey, or flavored with herbs or spices. Mate is a caffeinated drink, and has various health benefits, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and digestive properties. ¹²

Mate is more than just a drink for Argentinean Americans, it is a way of life. Mate is a social and ritualistic drink, that is shared among family, friends, and guests. Mate is a sign of hospitality, friendship, and respect, and is often accompanied by conversation, stories, and jokes. Mate is also a personal and intimate drink, that reflects the preferences, habits, and personality of each individual. Mate is a drink that can be enjoyed at any time of the day, and in any occasion, such as breakfast, lunch, dinner, work, study, leisure, or travel. ²³

Mate is a drink that connects Argentinean Americans with their homeland, and with other groups in the U.S. Mate is a drink that reminds them of their roots, their history, and their identity as Argentineans. Mate is also a drink that introduces them to other cultures, such as Uruguay, Paraguay, and Brazil, where mate is also popular. Mate is also a drink that attracts the curiosity and interest of other Americans, who may want to learn more about Argentina and its people. Mate is a drink that bridges the gap between the old and the new, the familiar and the foreign, the past and the present. ²⁴

Sobremesa

Sobremesa is a Spanish word that means "over the table", and refers to the time spent in conversation and relaxation after a meal. Sobremesa is a common and cherished tradition in Argentina, and among Argentinean Americans, who value the importance of family, friends, and food. Sobremesa is not just a way of eating, but a way of living, that reflects the Argentinean culture and identity.

Sobremesa can last for hours, depending on the occasion, the mood, and the company. Sobremesa can involve various topics, such as politics, sports, arts, or personal stories. Sobremesa can also include various activities, such as playing games, listening to music, or watching TV. Sobremesa can also involve various drinks, such as coffee, wine, or mate, the traditional herbal infusion of Argentina. Sobremesa is a flexible and spontaneous practice, that adapts to the preferences and needs of each group.

Sobremesa is a practice that connects Argentinean Americans with their homeland, and with other groups in the U.S. Sobremesa is a practice that reminds them of their roots, their history, and their values as Argentineans. Sobremesa is also a practice that introduces them to other cultures, such as those of other Hispanic or Latino groups, who share some aspects of language, cuisine, and history with them. Sobremesa is also a practice that attracts the curiosity and interest of other Americans, who may want to learn more about Argentina and its people. Sobremesa is a practice that bridges the gap between the old and the new, the familiar and the foreign, the past and the present.

Traditional Clothing

Argentinean Americans have a traditional clothing that reflects their heritage and identity as descendants of the gauchos, the cowboys of South America. The gaucho costume is often worn for parades and national celebrations, such as the Day of Tradition, which honors the gaucho culture and literature. The gaucho costume has evolved over time, and varies by region and gender.

The typical male gaucho costume consists of the following items:

• A wide-brimmed hat, usually made of felt or leather, to protect the head from the sun and the rain.
• A poncho, a rectangular woolen cloth with a hole in the center for the head, to cover the body and keep warm. The poncho can have different colors and patterns, depending on the region and the occasion.
• A shirt, usually white and made of cotton or linen, with long sleeves and a collar. The shirt can be tucked into the trousers or left loose.
• A neckerchief, a square piece of cloth, usually red, tied around the neck with a knot. The neckerchief can also be used as a mask, a bandage, or a sling.
• A vest, a sleeveless garment that covers the chest and the back, usually made of leather or wool. The vest can have buttons, pockets, or embroidery.
• A sash, a long and narrow piece of cloth, usually red or blue, wrapped around the waist and tied with a knot. The sash can also be used as a belt, a pouch, or a weapon.
• A pair of trousers, called bombachas de campo, which are loose and baggy, made of cotton or wool, and have a button at the bottom of each leg. The trousers can be black, white, or brown, and can have stripes or other patterns.
• A pair of boots, usually made of leather, with a high heel and a pointed toe. The boots can have spurs, metal devices attached to the heel, to control the horse.
• A knife, a long and sharp blade, usually made of steel, with a wooden or metal handle. The knife can be carried in a sheath, a leather case attached to the sash or the belt, or in a boot. The knife can be used for hunting, fighting, or eating.

The typical female gaucho costume consists of the following items:

• A headscarf, a triangular piece of cloth, usually white or black, tied around the head with a knot. The headscarf can also be used as a veil, a shawl, or a hood.
• A blouse, a loose-fitting garment that covers the upper body, usually made of cotton or silk, with long sleeves and a collar. The blouse can have buttons, lace, or embroidery, and can be white, black, or colored.
• A skirt, a long and wide piece of cloth that covers the lower body, usually made of wool or cotton, and has pleats or ruffles. The skirt can have different colors and patterns, depending on the region and the occasion.
• An apron, a protective garment that covers the front of the body, usually made of cotton or linen, and has pockets or fringes. The apron can be white, black, or colored, and can have embroidery or applique.
• A shawl, a large and rectangular piece of cloth, usually made of wool or silk, that covers the shoulders and the arms. The shawl can have different colors and patterns, and can be draped, folded, or knotted.
• A pair of shoes, usually made of leather, with a low heel and a round toe. The shoes can have buckles, ribbons, or flowers.

Holidays

Argentinean Americans have a holidays that celebrate their heritage and identity as Argentineans, as well as their integration and participation as Americans. Their holidays include both religious and secular events, as well as national and regional commemorations. Their holidays are marked by various traditions and customs, such as food, music, dance, and symbols.

Some of the most important and popular holidays of Argentinean Americans are:

• New Year's Day (January 1): The first day of the year, celebrated with fireworks, parties, and resolutions. Argentinean Americans also follow the custom of eating 12 grapes at midnight, one for each month of the year, and making a wish for each one.
• Carnival (February or March): A festive season before Lent, celebrated with parades, costumes, and music. Argentinean Americans also observe the tradition of throwing water balloons, confetti, and flour at each other, as a way of having fun and expressing joy.
• Easter (March or April): A Christian holiday that commemorates the resurrection of Jesus Christ, celebrated with church services, egg hunts, and chocolate bunnies. Argentinean Americans also enjoy the typical dish of rosca de pascua, a ring-shaped cake with candied fruits and a hard-boiled egg in the center.
• Labor Day (May 1): A national holiday that honors the workers and their rights, celebrated with marches, speeches, and rallies. Argentinean Americans also celebrate the achievements and contributions of the Argentinean labor movement, such as the creation of the General Confederation of Labor (CGT) and the enactment of the social justice laws.
• May Revolution (May 25): A national holiday that marks the anniversary of the May Revolution of 1810, which started the Argentine War of Independence against Spain, celebrated with flag-raising ceremonies, patriotic songs, and historical reenactments. Argentinean Americans also prepare the traditional dish of locro, a stew of corn, beans, meat, and vegetables, and the traditional drink of mate, a herbal infusion of yerba mate leaves.
• - Independence Day (July 9): A national holiday that commemorates the Declaration of Independence of Argentina in 1816, celebrated with civic parades, cultural shows, and fireworks. Argentinean Americans also display the Argentinean flag, the blue and white striped banner with a sun in the center, and sing the Argentinean national anthem, a song that praises the freedom and glory of the nation.
• Thanksgiving (November): An American holiday that celebrates the harvest and the gratitude for the blessings of the year, celebrated with family gatherings, turkey dinners, and football games. Argentinean Americans also incorporate some of their own dishes, such as empanadas, asado, and dulce de leche, and express their thankfulness for their homeland, their host country, and their community. 
• Christmas (December 25): A Christian holiday that celebrates the birth of Jesus Christ, celebrated with church services, nativity scenes, and gift exchanges. Argentinean Americans also follow the custom of having a big dinner on Christmas Eve, with dishes such as vitel toné, a cold dish of sliced veal with tuna sauce, and pan dulce, a sweet bread with dried fruits and nuts. They also wait for the arrival of Papa Noel, the Argentinean version of Santa Claus, who brings presents for the children.

Individual and Group Contributions

Argentinean Americans have made significant and diverse contributions to various fields and domains of American society, such as academia, arts, sports, and media. Their contributions reflect their heritage and identity as Argentineans, as well as their adaptation and integration as Americans. Their contributions also showcase their talents, skills, and creativity, as well as their challenges, opportunities, and achievements.

Academia

Argentinean Americans have excelled in various academic disciplines and institutions, such as science, technology, humanities, and education. They have produced influential and innovative research, publications, and inventions, as well as taught and mentored students and colleagues. Some of the most prominent and renowned Argentinean American academics are:

• César Milstein (1927-2002): A biochemist and immunologist, who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1984 for his discovery of the technique to produce monoclonal antibodies, which are widely used in medicine and biotechnology. He was also a professor at the University of Cambridge and a member of the Royal Society.
• Luis Alberto Caffarelli (1948-): A mathematician and professor at the University of Texas at Austin, who is considered one of the world's leading experts in partial differential equations, nonlinear analysis, and applied mathematics. He has received numerous awards and honors, such as the Wolf Prize in Mathematics in 2012, the Leroy P. Steele Prize in 2009, and the Bôcher Memorial Prize in 1984. He is also a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
• Marta Tienda (1950-): A sociologist and professor at Princeton University, who is an authority on immigration, education, inequality, and diversity. She has authored or edited several books and articles, such as Multiple Origins, Uncertain Destinies: Hispanics and the American Future (2006), The Hispanic Population of the United States (1987), and Hispanics in the U.S. Economy (1985). She has also served as the director of the Office of Population Research and the president of the Population Association of America. 
• Ricardo M. Lago (1952-): An economist and professor at Florida International University, who is an expert on Latin American economic development, trade, and integration. He has worked as a consultant and advisor for various international organizations, such as the World Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank, and the United Nations. He has also published several books and articles, such as Latin America 2040: Breaking Away from Complacency: An Agenda for Resurgence (2010), The Political Economy of the Latin American Motor Vehicle Industry (1988), and Trade Policy in Argentina, Brazil, and Chile (1985). 
• Ana Celia Zentella (1950-): A linguist and professor at the University of California, San Diego, who is a pioneer in the study of bilingualism, language socialization, and language ideologies among Latinos in the United States. She has written or edited several books and articles, such as Growing up Bilingual: Puerto Rican Children in New York (1997), Building on Strength: Language and Literacy in Latino Families and Communities (2005), and Latino Language and Literacy in Ethnolinguistic Chicago (2005). She has also received numerous awards and recognitions, such as the American Anthropological Association's Award for Public Understanding of Anthropology in 2005, and the Society for Linguistic Anthropology's Award for Public Outreach and Community Service in 2012. 

Arts

Argentinean Americans have demonstrated their artistic talents and creativity in various forms and genres of art, such as literature, music, dance, and visual arts. They have produced original and expressive works of art, as well as adapted and transformed the traditions and influences of their homeland and host country. Some of the most notable and acclaimed Argentinean American artists are:

• Jorge Luis Borges (1899-1986): A writer and poet, who is widely regarded as one of the most influential and innovative figures of modern literature. He is known for his short stories, essays, and poems, which explore themes such as metaphysics, fantasy, mythology, and language. Some of his most famous works include Ficciones (1944), El Aleph (1949), and Labyrinths (1962). He was also a recipient of many awards and honors, such as the Formentor Prize in 1961, the Jerusalem Prize in 1971, and the Cervantes Prize in 1979. 
• Astor Piazzolla (1921-1992): A composer and musician, who is considered the father of the nuevo tango, a fusion of tango, jazz, and classical music. He is known for his innovative and expressive compositions, which revolutionized the genre and influenced many musicians around the world. Some of his most famous works include Adiós Nonino (1959), Libertango (1974), and Oblivion (1982). He was also a virtuoso performer of the bandoneon, a type of accordion that is characteristic of tango music. 
• Julio Cortázar (1914-1984): A writer and translator, who is recognized as one of the masters of the Latin American boom, a literary movement that emerged in the 1960s and 1970s. He is known for his novels, short stories, and essays, which explore themes such as fantasy, surrealism, and social criticism. Some of his most famous works include Rayuela (1963), Bestiario (1951), and Historias de cronopios y de famas (1962). He was also a supporter of various political and social causes, such as the Cuban Revolution, the Sandinista Revolution, and the human rights movement. 
• Mercedes Sosa (1935-2009): A singer and activist, who is regarded as one of the most influential and respected voices of Latin American folk music. She is known for her powerful and expressive singing, which combined elements of indigenous, African, and European music. Some of her most famous songs include Gracias a la vida (1971), Alfonsina y el mar (1969), and Solo le pido a Dios (1979). She was also a champion of various political and social causes, such as democracy, human rights, and social justice. 
• Guillermo Kuitca (1961-): A painter and installation artist, who is recognized as one of the most original and innovative contemporary artists of Argentina. He is known for his abstract and figurative paintings, which often incorporate elements of maps, architecture, and theater. Some of his most famous works include The Tablada Suite (1986-1987), The Ring Cycle (1990-1992), and Everything (2004-2005). He has also participated in various exhibitions and events, such as the Venice Biennale, the Whitney Biennial, and the Documenta. 

Conclusion

Argentinean Americans are a diverse and dynamic group of people, who have contributed to the development and enrichment of the United States. They have a complex and rich culture, influenced by their ancestral roots, their homeland history, and their host country environment. They have faced various challenges and opportunities in their lives in the U.S., which have affected their social and economic status, their education and health, and their relations with other groups. They have also maintained their identity and values as Argentineans, while also embracing their identity and values as Americans. They are part of the Hispanic or Latino population, which is one of the largest and fastest-growing segments of the American society.