Egyptian Americans Culture and Identity

Egypt, or the Arab Republic of Egypt as it has been officially called since 1971, is a country in northeast Africa that spans an area of 390,000 square miles (1,010,100 sq. km.). Its geography is dominated by the Sahara Desert, which covers 90 percent of its territory, leaving only 14,000 square miles of fertile land along the Nile River and its delta, where most of its population resides. Egypt’s borders are defined by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Israel and the Red Sea to the east, the Sudan to the south, and Libya to the west. Egypt’s population is predominantly Muslim, with a significant minority of Coptic Christians, who trace their origins to the ancient Egyptians, and a small number of Jews, who have mostly emigrated or assimilated.

Egyptian Americans are Americans who have Egyptian ancestry, either partially or fully. According to the 2019 U.S. Census Bureau, there were 279,672 Egyptian Americans in the United States. However, other estimates suggest that there are up to 1 million Egyptian Americans. Most of them are from Egypt's Christian Orthodox Coptic minority. Egyptian Americans also include the foreign-born population from Egypt in the United States. In 2016, there were 181,677 foreign-born Egyptians in the United States, accounting for 0.4% of the total foreign-born population. Egyptian Americans are mainly concentrated in New York City and Los Angeles, California.

A pyramid with the flags of the United States and Egypt in the background, symbolizing the connection between Egyptian Americans and their home country.

History of Immigration

Egyptians began to immigrate to the U.S. in large numbers in the second half of the 20th century. The main reasons for their immigration were economic or educational opportunities. However, some also left Egypt because of political instability and repression after the Egyptian Revolution of 1952. Many Egyptians, especially Copts, emigrated after the Six-Day War of 1967, when Egypt suffered a defeat by Israel. From 1967 to 1977, more than 15,000 Egyptians immigrated to the United States.

The immigration of Egyptians to the United States was facilitated by the 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act, which allowed the selective entry of certain professionals, especially scientists, from countries such as Egypt, which had previously faced strict emigration restrictions. As a result, the first wave of Egyptian immigrants to the United States were mostly educated professionals and skilled workers.

The immigration of Egyptians continued in the following decades, as the Egyptian economy experienced stagnation and decline under the rule of Hosni Mubarak, who came to power after the assassination of Anwar Sadat in 1981. Many Egyptians sought a better standard of living and more civil liberties in countries such as the United States, Canada, Australia, Italy, the United Kingdom, France, and the Arab states of the Persian Gulf.

Some of the factors that influenced the choice of destination for Egyptian immigrants were the availability of visas, the presence of relatives or friends, the reputation of the country, the language skills, and the cultural affinity. According to a web search, ¹ the first period of significant migration from the Arab world, including Egypt, started around 1880 and lasted until 1924. During this time, roughly 95,000 immigrants came to the U.S. from what was known as Greater Syria, which encompassed present-day Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Palestine, and Israel. Most of these immigrants were Christians, who faced persecution and discrimination under the Ottoman Empire. They settled mainly in the Northeast and Midwest regions of the U.S., where they worked as peddlers, merchants, factory workers, and farmers.

However, the immigration of Egyptians was very limited during this period, as most of them did not identify as Arabs or Syrians, but as Egyptians. Moreover, Egypt was under British occupation, which made it difficult for Egyptians to obtain passports and travel documents. According to another web source, the first recorded Egyptian immigrant to the U.S. was a man named Joseph Massiah, who arrived in New York in 1899. He was followed by a few others, such as Alexander Saroukhan, a cartoonist who worked for the New York Times, and Saba Habachy, a lawyer and diplomat who served as Egypt's minister of commerce and industry.

The second period of Arab immigration to the U.S. began after World War II and lasted until the 1970s. During this time, about 200,000 immigrants came to the U.S. from various Arab countries, including Egypt. Most of them were Muslims, who faced political and economic challenges in their homelands. They settled mainly in urban areas, where they worked as professionals, entrepreneurs, and students. Some of the notable Egyptian immigrants during this period were Mohamed Atalla, the inventor of the MOSFET; Ahmed Zewail, the Nobel laureate in chemistry; and Magdi Yacoub, the pioneer in heart surgery.

The third period of Arab immigration to the U.S. started in the 1980s and continues to the present day. During this time, more than 800,000 immigrants came to the U.S. from various Arab countries, including Egypt. Most of them were refugees, asylum seekers, or family members of previous immigrants. They settled mainly in the South and West regions of the U.S., where they faced challenges such as discrimination, stereotyping, and hate crimes, especially after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Some of the notable Egyptian immigrants during this period were Hoda Kotb, the co-host of the Today show; Rami Malek, the Academy Award-winning actor; and Bassem Youssef, the comedian and satirist.

Acculturation and Assimilation of Egyptian Americans

Acculturation and assimilation are two related but distinct processes that describe how immigrants adapt to their new society. Acculturation refers to the changes in attitudes, values, behaviors, and identity that immigrants experience as they interact with the dominant culture. Assimilation refers to the extent to which immigrants become indistinguishable from the native-born population in terms of social, economic, and political integration.

Egyptian Americans have varied levels of acculturation and assimilation, depending on factors such as generation status, length of residence in the U.S., religion, education, occupation, and discrimination. Generally, the first generation of Egyptian immigrants tend to retain more of their original culture and language, while the second and third generations tend to adopt more of the American culture and language. However, this is not a linear or uniform process, as some immigrants may resist or reject acculturation and assimilation, while others may embrace or seek them.

According to a web search, Egyptian Americans have four main acculturation orientations: integration, separation, marginalization, and assimilation. Integration refers to maintaining one's ethnic identity while also participating in the mainstream society. Separation refers to preserving one's ethnic identity while avoiding contact with the mainstream society. Marginalization refers to losing one's ethnic identity while also being excluded from the mainstream society. Assimilation refers to abandoning one's ethnic identity while fully adopting the mainstream society.

The acculturation orientation of Egyptian Americans has implications for their psychological well-being. According to another web source, ² integration is associated with the highest levels of self-esteem, life satisfaction, and psychological adjustment, while marginalization is associated with the lowest levels. Separation and assimilation are associated with intermediate levels of well-being, depending on the degree of conflict or harmony between the ethnic and mainstream cultures.

Some of the factors that influence the acculturation and assimilation of Egyptian Americans are:

Religion: Religion is a major source of identity and belonging for many Egyptian Americans, especially Muslims and Copts. Religion can also be a barrier or a bridge to acculturation and assimilation, depending on the level of religious tolerance and diversity in the U.S. society. Some Egyptian Americans may face discrimination or prejudice based on their religious affiliation, while others may find support and solidarity from their co-religionists or interfaith allies.
Education: Education is a key factor in the acculturation and assimilation of Egyptian Americans, as it provides them with opportunities for social and economic mobility, as well as exposure to different cultures and perspectives. Education can also be a challenge or a resource for acculturation and assimilation, depending on the quality and availability of education, as well as the degree of cultural sensitivity and inclusiveness in the educational system. Some Egyptian Americans may encounter difficulties or disadvantages in accessing or succeeding in education, while others may benefit from scholarships or programs that cater to their needs and interests.
Occupation: Occupation is another important factor in the acculturation and assimilation of Egyptian Americans, as it affects their income, status, and lifestyle, as well as their interaction with the mainstream society. Occupation can also be a hindrance or a facilitator for acculturation and assimilation, depending on the level of occupational prestige and diversity, as well as the degree of discrimination and competition in the labor market. Some Egyptian Americans may face barriers or limitations in finding or advancing in their careers, while others may enjoy recognition or advancement in their fields.
Discrimination: Discrimination is a significant factor that affects the acculturation and assimilation of Egyptian Americans, as it impacts their sense of security, dignity, and belonging, as well as their access to resources and opportunities. Discrimination can also be a motivator or a deterrent for acculturation and assimilation, depending on the level of severity and frequency, as well as the degree of coping and resilience. Some Egyptian Americans may experience discrimination or hate crimes based on their ethnicity, religion, or accent, while others may encounter subtle or implicit bias or microaggressions.

Egyptian Americans have a complex and dynamic process of acculturation and assimilation, which involves both challenges and opportunities. They have to balance their dual identity and heritage, while also striving to achieve their goals and aspirations in the U.S. society. They have to cope with the stress and stigma that may come with being a minority group, while also celebrating the diversity and richness that they bring to the American culture.

Culture and Identity

Egyptian Americans have a rich and diverse culture that reflects their ancient heritage as well as their modern influences. Egypt is often considered the cradle of Western Civilization, as it was one of the first places where organized societies emerged around 4000 B.C. Egypt was also a center of art, science, writing, religion, and trade for millennia, until it was conquered by various foreign powers, such as the Greeks, Romans, Arabs, Turks, French, and British. All these cultures left their mark on Egypt and its people.

Egyptian Americans are mostly Muslim, although a significant minority are Christian, mainly belonging to the Coptic Orthodox Church, the Coptic Catholic Church, or the Coptic Evangelical Church. There are also a few Jewish Egyptians in the United States. Egyptian Americans practice their faith in various ways, such as attending mosques, churches, or synagogues, observing religious holidays and rituals, and following dietary laws. Some Egyptian Americans also maintain their cultural traditions, such as celebrating Egyptian national holidays, wearing traditional clothing, listening to Egyptian music, watching Egyptian movies, reading Egyptian literature, and cooking Egyptian food.

Egyptian Americans have a strong sense of identity and pride in their heritage. They often participate in cultural and social organizations that promote their culture and interests, such as the American Egyptian Association, the American Coptic Association, the Egyptian American Medical Association, the Egyptian American Professional Society, and the Egyptian American Cultural Association. Some Egyptian Americans also engage in political activism and advocacy, especially on issues related to human rights, democracy, and peace in Egypt and the Middle East.

Traditional Clothing of Egyptian Americans

Traditional clothing of Egyptian Americans reflects their diverse origins and influences, as well as their adaptation to the American society. Egyptian Americans who live in urban areas do not wear traditional garments, but rather adopt Western-style clothing, as they have done since the turn of the century in Egypt. However, some Egyptian Americans may wear traditional clothing on special occasions, such as weddings, festivals, or religious ceremonies.

According to a web search, ¹ there are four main types of traditional clothing that Egyptian Americans may wear:

Gallibaya: This is a long shirt or robe that is worn by both men and women, usually with trousers underneath. It is the national dress of Egypt, and it comes in various colors and patterns. It is made of cotton or linen, and it is comfortable and practical for the hot climate of Egypt. Some gallibayas may have embroidery or decorations on the chest or sleeves.
Kaftan: This is a long coat that is worn over the gallibaya, usually by men. It has long sleeves and a collar, and it is made of striped cloth, sometimes silk, cotton, or brocade. It provides extra warmth and protection, and it is often worn by wealthy or influential people.
Turban: This is a headdress that is worn by men, usually with the gallibaya and kaftan. It is a long piece of cloth that is wrapped around the head in various ways, depending on the region or the occasion. It can be white, black, or colorful, and it can have a tassel or a feather on the top. It can signify one's social status, religious affiliation, or tribal identity.
Hijab: This is a headscarf that is worn by women, usually with the gallibaya. It covers the hair and the neck, and it can be plain or patterned. It is a symbol of modesty and piety, and it is worn by Muslim women who follow the Islamic dress code. Some women may also wear a niqab, which is a veil that covers the face, leaving only the eyes visible.

These traditional clothing items are not only worn by Egyptian Americans, but also by other people from the Arab world, such as Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Syria. They are part of the rich and diverse culture of the Middle East, and they reflect the history and identity of the people who wear them..

Cuisine of Egyptian Americans

Egyptian Americans enjoy a variety of dishes that reflect their diverse origins and influences, as well as their adaptation to the American society. Egyptian cuisine is a mixture of Middle Eastern cuisine and a modified continental (French-style) cuisine. ¹ Some of the common ingredients in Egyptian cuisine are rice, bread, beans, lentils, vegetables, meat, cheese, and spices.

Some of the traditional Egyptian dishes that Egyptian Americans may cook or eat are:

Ful medames: A paste of mashed fava beans flavored with garlic, lemon, olive oil, and cumin. It is usually eaten for breakfast with bread, boiled eggs, cheese, and salad. ¹
Tamiya: Also known as falafel, these are deep-fried patties made of ground fava beans and herbs. They are often served in a sandwich with tahini sauce, lettuce, tomato, and pickles.
Koshari: A popular street food, this is a dish of rice, macaroni, lentils, and chickpeas, topped with fried onions and a spicy tomato sauce. It is considered the national dish of Egypt.
Shawarma: Thin slices of marinated meat (chicken, lamb, or beef) that are cooked on a vertical spit and shaved off. They are usually wrapped in a flatbread with tahini sauce, salad, and pickles.
Kebab and kofta: Grilled pieces of meat (lamb, beef, or chicken) on skewers. Kebab is made of chunks of meat, while kofta is made of minced meat mixed with spices and herbs. They are usually served with bread, salad, and dips.
Mulukhiyah: A thick green soup made from chopped jute leaves, garlic, coriander, and chicken or meat broth. It is usually eaten with rice and bread, and sometimes with rabbit or pigeon meat.
Pigeon: A delicacy in Egypt, pigeons are stuffed with rice or bulgur wheat and roasted or grilled. They are often served for special occasions, such as weddings or festivals.
Egyptian desserts: Egyptian desserts are usually light and sweet, made with nuts, honey, pastry, and dairy products. Some of the common desserts are baklava, a filo pastry filled with nuts and soaked in syrup; feteer meshaltet, a flaky pastry that can be stuffed with cheese, nuts, or cream; baba ganoush, a dip made of roasted eggplant, tahini, garlic, and lemon; mahshi, vegetables such as zucchini, eggplant, or cabbage stuffed with rice and meat; besarah, a green paste made of fava beans, herbs, and spices; Alexandrian kebdah, a dish of fried liver with garlic, chili, and vinegar; sayadiyah, a dish of rice and fish cooked with onions, garlic, and spices; hawawshi, a bread stuffed with minced meat, onion, and pepper; kanafeh, a pastry made of shredded dough and cheese, soaked in syrup and topped with nuts; umm ali, a bread pudding made with milk, cream, nuts, and raisins; and basbousa, a semolina cake soaked in syrup and sprinkled with coconut.

Egyptian Americans may also enjoy other cuisines from the Middle East, such as Lebanese, Syrian, or Moroccan, as well as American and international cuisines. They may also modify or adapt their traditional dishes to suit their preferences, availability of ingredients, or dietary restrictions. For example, some Egyptian Americans may use turkey or tofu instead of meat, or brown rice instead of white rice. Egyptian Americans celebrate their cuisine as a part of their culture and identity, and they share it with their family, friends, and community..

Holidays of Egyptian Americans

Egyptian Americans celebrate various holidays that reflect their religious, cultural, and national identities. Some of these holidays are shared with other Americans, while others are unique to the Egyptian or Arab communities. Some of these holidays are fixed on the calendar, while others are based on the lunar or Coptic calendars and vary from year to year.

Some of the holidays that Egyptian Americans observe are:

New Year's Day: January 1. This is a common holiday for all Americans, marking the beginning of the Gregorian calendar year. Egyptian Americans may celebrate this day with fireworks, parties, or resolutions.
Coptic Christmas: January 7. This is a religious holiday for Egyptian Christians, who follow the Coptic calendar and celebrate the birth of Jesus Christ on this date. Egyptian Christians may attend church services, exchange gifts, and feast on traditional dishes, such as kahk, a type of cookie.
Martin Luther King Jr. Day: The third Monday of January. This is a federal holiday for all Americans, honoring the civil rights leader and his legacy. Egyptian Americans may participate in community service, educational events, or marches to commemorate his vision and achievements.
Revolution Day: January 25. This is a national holiday for Egyptians, marking the anniversary of the 2011 uprising that toppled the regime of Hosni Mubarak. Egyptian Americans may celebrate this day by expressing their solidarity with the Egyptian people, raising awareness about the political and social issues in Egypt, or attending rallies or demonstrations.
Sinai Liberation Day: April 25. This is a national holiday for Egyptians, celebrating the final withdrawal of the Israeli forces from the Sinai Peninsula in 1982, after the 1979 peace treaty. Egyptian Americans may celebrate this day by honoring the Egyptian soldiers who fought for the liberation of the land, displaying the Egyptian flag, or listening to patriotic songs.
Eid al-Fitr: The first day of Shawwal, the tenth month of the Islamic calendar. This is a religious holiday for Muslims, marking the end of the fasting month of Ramadan. Muslims may attend prayers, exchange greetings, give charity, and feast on special dishes, such as kahk, a type of cookie.
Eid al-Adha: The tenth day of Dhu al-Hijjah, the twelfth month of the Islamic calendar. This is a religious holiday for Muslims, commemorating the willingness of Abraham to sacrifice his son Ishmael, as a test of his faith. Muslims may perform the pilgrimage to Mecca, offer a sacrifice of an animal, distribute the meat to the poor, and feast on traditional dishes, such as lamb or beef.
Independence Day: July 4. This is a federal holiday for all Americans, celebrating the adoption of the Declaration of Independence in 1776, which declared the thirteen colonies as independent from Great Britain. Americans may celebrate this day with fireworks, parades, barbecues, or picnics.
Islamic New Year: The first day of Muharram, the first month of the Islamic calendar. This is a religious holiday for Muslims, marking the migration of Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina in 622 CE, which established the first Muslim community. Muslims may observe this day by fasting, praying, or reflecting on their faith.
National Day: July 23. This is a national holiday for Egyptians, celebrating the 1952 revolution that ended the monarchy and established the republic. Egyptian Americans may celebrate this day by honoring the leaders and heroes of the revolution, displaying the Egyptian flag, or listening to patriotic songs.
Labor Day: The first Monday of September. This is a federal holiday for all Americans, honoring the contributions and achievements of the American workers. Americans may celebrate this day with parades, festivals, or picnics.
Mawlid al-Nabi: The twelfth day of Rabi al-Awwal, the third month of the Islamic calendar. This is a religious holiday for Muslims, celebrating the birth of Muhammad, the founder of Islam. Muslims may celebrate this day by reciting poems, singing songs, or distributing sweets.
Armed Forces Day: October 6. This is a national holiday for Egyptians, honoring the Egyptian military and its role in the 1973 war against Israel, which is also known as the October War or the Yom Kippur War. Egyptian Americans may celebrate this day by remembering the sacrifices and victories of the Egyptian soldiers, displaying the Egyptian flag, or listening to patriotic songs.
Thanksgiving Day: The fourth Thursday of November. This is a federal holiday for all Americans, expressing gratitude for the harvest and the blessings of the past year. Americans may celebrate this day with family gatherings, turkey dinners, or football games.
Christmas Day: December 25. This is a federal holiday for all Americans, celebrating the birth of Jesus Christ, according to the Gregorian calendar. Americans may celebrate this day with church services, gift exchanges, and festive decorations.

These are some of the holidays that Egyptian Americans celebrate throughout the year, reflecting their diverse and dynamic culture and identity. They may also observe other holidays that are specific to their region, state, or city, or that are related to their personal or professional interests. They may also create their own traditions and rituals that blend their Egyptian and American heritage.

Language of Egyptian Americans

Language is an important aspect of the culture and identity of Egyptian Americans. The official language of Egypt is Standard Arabic, which is also the language of literature, media, education, and religion. However, the most widely spoken language among Egyptians is Egyptian Arabic, which is a dialect of Arabic that has been influenced by other languages, such as Coptic, Greek, Turkish, French, and English. ¹ Egyptian Arabic is the native language of most Egyptian Americans, and it is also the most widely understood dialect of Arabic in the Arab world, due to the popularity of Egyptian cinema and music. ²

Egyptian Americans may also speak other languages that reflect their ethnic, religious, or regional diversity. For example, some Egyptian Americans may speak Coptic, which is the language of the ancient Egyptians and the liturgical language of the Coptic Orthodox Church. Coptic is considered an endangered language, as it is only spoken by a few thousand people, mostly in Egypt. ³ Some Egyptian Americans may also speak Nubian, Berber, or Beja, which are languages of the indigenous peoples of Egypt, who live in the south and the west of the country. These languages are also threatened by assimilation and marginalization, as they have no official status or recognition in Egypt.

Egyptian Americans may also speak English, which is the official language of the United States and the language of communication, education, and business. English is also the most widely spoken foreign language in Egypt, as it is taught in schools and used in tourism and trade. According to a web search, 39.98% of Egyptians can speak English, which is the highest percentage among the Arab countries. Egyptian Americans may also speak other foreign languages, such as French, which is the second most widely spoken foreign language in Egypt, due to the historical and cultural ties between the two countries. French is also spoken by some Egyptian Americans who have studied or lived in France or other Francophone countries.

Egyptian Americans may use different languages for different purposes and contexts, depending on their generation, education, occupation, and social network. For example, some Egyptian Americans may use Egyptian Arabic at home, with their family and friends, or in their ethnic community, as a way of expressing their identity and heritage. Some Egyptian Americans may use Standard Arabic in religious settings, such as mosques or churches, or in cultural settings, such as media or literature, as a way of accessing their faith and tradition. Some Egyptian Americans may use English in public settings, such as schools or workplaces, or in mainstream settings, such as media or literature, as a way of integrating and participating in the American society. Some Egyptian Americans may also use other languages, such as Coptic, Nubian, Berber, Beja, French, or others, in specific settings, such as family gatherings, cultural events, or educational programs, as a way of preserving and promoting their diversity and heritage.

Egyptian Americans may also mix or switch between different languages, depending on their proficiency, preference, or situation. For example, some Egyptian Americans may use code-switching, which is the alternation of two or more languages within a single conversation or utterance. Code-switching may serve various functions, such as expressing emotions, emphasizing points, creating humor, showing solidarity, or signaling identity. Some Egyptian Americans may also use loanwords, which are words borrowed from one language and used in another. Loanwords may reflect the influence of one culture on another, or the need to fill a lexical gap in one language. Some examples of loanwords from Egyptian Arabic to English are khamsin, a hot and dry wind; baksheesh, a tip or bribe; and shadoof, a device for raising water.

Language is a dynamic and complex phenomenon that shapes and reflects the culture and identity of Egyptian Americans. By using different languages, Egyptian Americans can communicate, connect, and create with their diverse and vibrant communities.

Family and Community Dynamics of Egyptian Americans

Family and community are two essential aspects of the culture and identity of Egyptian Americans. They provide them with a sense of belonging, support, and continuity, as well as a source of values, norms, and traditions.

The nuclear family is the basic social unit of Egyptian society. It consists of a married couple and their children, who usually live in the same household or nearby. The nuclear family is also part of a larger extended family, which includes grandparents, uncles, aunts, cousins, and in-laws. The extended family plays a significant role in the social and economic life of Egyptians, as it offers mutual assistance, guidance, and protection.

The family is also influenced by the religion of its members, which can be either Islam or Christianity, or a combination of both. Religion affects the family structure, roles, and rituals, as well as the moral and ethical codes of conduct. For example, Muslims and Christians have different rules and practices regarding marriage, divorce, inheritance, and child-rearing. However, both religions share some common values and principles, such as respect for elders, loyalty to kin, and hospitality to guests.

The family is also affected by the migration and adaptation processes of its members, which can create challenges and opportunities for the family dynamics. For example, some Egyptian families may experience cultural and generational gaps, as the parents try to maintain their traditional values and norms, while the children try to adopt the American ones.

Some Egyptian families may also face discrimination or prejudice based on their ethnicity, religion, or accent, which can affect their self-esteem and integration. On the other hand, some Egyptian families may benefit from the educational and economic opportunities that the U.S. offers, which can enhance their social and financial status and mobility. Some Egyptian families may also develop a bicultural or hybrid identity, which combines elements of both the Egyptian and the American cultures.

The community is another important aspect of the culture and identity of Egyptian Americans. It consists of a network of people who share a common origin, heritage, language, religion, or interest. The community can be based on geographic proximity, such as a neighborhood, a city, or a state, or on social affiliation, such as a club, an organization, or a group. The community can provide Egyptian Americans with a sense of solidarity, identity, and representation, as well as a platform for social and cultural activities, events, and services.

The community is also influenced by the diversity and complexity of the Egyptian American population, which can create challenges and opportunities for the community dynamics. For example, some Egyptian Americans may face conflicts or tensions within or between different segments of the community, based on factors such as religion, politics, class, or gender. Some Egyptian Americans may also experience isolation or marginalization from the mainstream society, due to the lack of recognition or representation of their culture and interests. On the other hand, some Egyptian Americans may enjoy the richness and variety of the community, which can foster creativity, innovation, and collaboration. Some Egyptian Americans may also engage in civic and political participation and advocacy, which can increase their visibility and influence in the American society.

Family and community are two interrelated and dynamic aspects of the culture and identity of Egyptian Americans. They shape and reflect the experiences, values, and aspirations of Egyptian Americans, as they navigate and negotiate their dual heritage and citizenship in the U.S. society.

Employment and Economic Traditions of Egyptian Americans

Egyptian Americans are employed in various sectors and occupations, reflecting their diverse skills, education, and interests. According to a web search, ¹ Egyptian Americans have a higher percentage of college graduates (51.8%) than the general U.S. population (32.6%). They also have a higher median household income ($66,925) than the national average ($60,336).

Some of the fields and professions that Egyptian Americans work in are:

Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM): Egyptian Americans have made significant contributions to the fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics, especially in the areas of electronics, chemistry, medicine, and biotechnology. Some of the notable Egyptian American scientists and engineers are Mohamed Atalla, the inventor of the MOSFET; Ahmed Zewail, the Nobel laureate in chemistry; Magdi Yacoub, the pioneer in heart surgery; and Mostafa El-Sayed, the nanoscience expert.
Business and entrepreneurship: Egyptian Americans have also excelled in the fields of business and entrepreneurship, creating and leading successful companies and organizations in various industries, such as finance, retail, hospitality, media, and entertainment. Some of the notable Egyptian American businesspeople and entrepreneurs are Mohamed El-Erian, the chief economic adviser of Allianz; Nassef Sawiris, the CEO of Orascom Construction Industries; Samih Darwazah, the founder of Hikma Pharmaceuticals; and Dina Powell, the president of Goldman Sachs Foundation.
Education and academia: Egyptian Americans have also pursued careers in the fields of education and academia, teaching and researching in various disciplines, such as history, sociology, anthropology, literature, and art. Some of the notable Egyptian American educators and academics are Mona Mikhail, the professor of Middle Eastern studies at New York University; Rashid Khalidi, the professor of modern Arab studies at Columbia University; Leila Ahmed, the professor of women's studies and religion at Harvard University; and Nabil Matar, the professor of English and history at the University of Minnesota. ²
Arts and entertainment: Egyptian Americans have also demonstrated their talents and creativity in the fields of arts and entertainment, producing and performing various forms of art, such as music, film, television, theater, and comedy. Some of the notable Egyptian American artists and entertainers are Hoda Kotb, the co-host of the Today show; Rami Malek, the Academy Award-winning actor; Bassem Youssef, the comedian and satirist; and Omar Sharif, the legendary actor. ²

Egyptian Americans have also maintained and adapted some of their economic traditions from their homeland, such as:

Remittances: Remittances are money transfers that immigrants send to their families and relatives in their country of origin. Remittances are a major source of income and foreign exchange for Egypt, as well as a way of expressing solidarity and support for the Egyptian people. According to a web search, ³ Egypt received $29.6 billion in remittances in 2019, making it the fifth-largest recipient of remittances in the world and the largest in the Arab region. The U.S. was the second-largest source of remittances to Egypt, after Saudi Arabia, accounting for 14.2% of the total remittances.
Investments: Investments are money or assets that immigrants use to start or expand businesses or projects in their country of origin. Investments are a way of contributing to the economic development and growth of Egypt, as well as a way of creating opportunities and returns for the investors. According to another web source, Egypt attracted $8.5 billion in foreign direct investment (FDI) in 2019, making it the third-largest recipient of FDI in Africa and the second-largest in the Arab region. The U.S. was the largest source of FDI to Egypt, accounting for 35.8% of the total FDI.
Philanthropy: Philanthropy is money or resources that immigrants donate to charitable causes or organizations in their country of origin. Philanthropy is a way of addressing the social and humanitarian needs and challenges of Egypt, as well as a way of expressing generosity and compassion for the Egyptian people. According to another web source, Egypt received $1.6 billion in official development assistance (ODA) in 2019, making it the 25th-largest recipient of ODA in the world and the fourth-largest in the Arab region. The U.S. was the largest source of ODA to Egypt, accounting for 41.4% of the total ODA.

Employment and economic traditions are two interrelated and dynamic aspects of the culture and identity of Egyptian Americans. They reflect and shape the experiences, values, and aspirations of Egyptian Americans, as they participate and contribute to both the U.S. and the Egyptian societies.

Politics and Government of Egyptian Americans

Egyptian Americans are involved in the politics and government of the United States at various levels and capacities, reflecting their diverse interests, perspectives, and aspirations. Egyptian Americans participate in the political process as voters, candidates, activists, advocates, and public servants, contributing to the democratic values and institutions of the U.S. society.

According to a web search, ¹ Egyptian Americans have a higher percentage of naturalized citizens (67.2%) than the general U.S. population (51.8%). This means that most Egyptian Americans are eligible to vote in the U.S. elections, and exercise their civic rights and duties. Egyptian Americans may vote for candidates and issues that align with their political views, which can vary depending on factors such as generation, education, religion, and ideology. Egyptian Americans may also register with different political parties, such as the Democratic Party, the Republican Party, or other parties, depending on their preferences and affiliations.

Egyptian Americans may also run for office or hold public positions at the local, state, or federal level, representing their constituencies and advancing their agendas. Egyptian Americans may face challenges or opportunities in their political careers, depending on the level of support or opposition they receive from their communities, parties, or the general public. Some of the notable Egyptian American politicians and public officials are:

Abdeen Jabara: A lawyer and activist, he was the first Arab American to be elected to public office in the U.S., serving as a member of the Dearborn City Council in Michigan from 1972 to 1976. He was also a co-founder and president of the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee (ADC), the largest Arab American civil rights organization in the U.S. ²
Dina Habib Powell: A business executive and diplomat, she served as the Assistant Secretary of State for Educational and Cultural Affairs from 2005 to 2007, and as the Deputy National Security Advisor for Strategy from 2017 to 2018. She was also the president of the Goldman Sachs Foundation, and a senior fellow at the Future of Diplomacy Project at Harvard University. ²
Rashad Hussain: A lawyer and scholar, he served as the U.S. Special Envoy to the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) from 2010 to 2015, and as the U.S. Special Envoy for Strategic Counterterrorism Communications from 2015 to 2017. He was also a member of the National Security Council staff, and a visiting faculty member at Georgetown University.
Omar Qudrat: A lawyer and military officer, he ran as the Republican candidate for the U.S. House of Representatives from California's 52nd congressional district in 2018, but lost to the incumbent Democrat Scott Peters. He was also a former prosecutor at the Department of Defense, and a captain in the U.S. Army Reserve.

Egyptian Americans may also engage in political activism and advocacy, especially on issues related to human rights, democracy, and peace in Egypt and the Middle East. Egyptian Americans may participate in various organizations and movements that promote their culture and interests, such as the American Egyptian Association, the American Coptic Association, the Egyptian American Medical Association, the Egyptian American Professional Society, and the Egyptian American Cultural Association. Some Egyptian Americans may also support or oppose the U.S. foreign policy towards Egypt and the region, depending on their views and values.

Politics and government are two important and dynamic aspects of the culture and identity of Egyptian Americans. They reflect and shape the experiences, values, and aspirations of Egyptian Americans, as they participate and contribute to both the U.S. and the Egyptian societies.

Challenges and Opportunities

Egyptian Americans face various challenges and opportunities in the U.S. society, as they navigate and negotiate their dual heritage and citizenship. Some of these challenges and opportunities are:

Cultural and generational gaps: Egyptian Americans may experience cultural and generational gaps within their families and communities, as the parents try to maintain their traditional values and norms, while the children try to adopt the American ones. This may create conflicts or misunderstandings, as well as a loss of identity or connection. However, this may also create opportunities for dialogue and learning, as well as a bicultural or hybrid identity, which combines elements of both the Egyptian and the American cultures.
Discrimination and prejudice: Egyptian Americans may face discrimination and prejudice based on their ethnicity, religion, or accent, which may affect their self-esteem and integration. They may encounter stereotypes or negative perceptions, especially after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, which increased the hostility and suspicion towards Arabs and Muslims. They may also face barriers or limitations in accessing or succeeding in education, employment, or politics. However, this may also motivate them to challenge and overcome these obstacles, as well as to educate and advocate for their culture and interests.
Educational and economic opportunities: Egyptian Americans may benefit from the educational and economic opportunities that the U.S. offers, which may enhance their social and financial status and mobility. They may pursue higher education and professional careers in various fields and sectors, such as science, technology, engineering, mathematics, business, entrepreneurship, education, academia, arts, entertainment, politics, and government. They may also maintain and adapt some of their economic traditions from their homeland, such as remittances, investments, and philanthropy.
Civic and political participation and advocacy: Egyptian Americans may engage in civic and political participation and advocacy, which may increase their visibility and influence in the American society. They may vote, run for office, or hold public positions at the local, state, or federal level, representing their constituencies and advancing their agendas. They may also participate in various organizations and movements that promote their culture and interests, such as the American Egyptian Association, the American Coptic Association, the Egyptian American Medical Association, the Egyptian American Professional Society, and the Egyptian American Cultural Association. They may also support or oppose the U.S. foreign policy towards Egypt and the region, depending on their views and values.

These are some of the challenges and opportunities that Egyptian Americans face in the U.S. society, reflecting their diverse and dynamic culture and identity. They shape and reflect their experiences, values, and aspirations, as they participate and contribute to both the U.S. and the Egyptian societies.

Individual and Group Contributions of Egyptian Americans

Egyptian Americans have made significant contributions to various fields and sectors of the American society, such as science, technology, engineering, mathematics, business, entrepreneurship, education, academia, arts, entertainment, politics, government, and philanthropy. They have also maintained and adapted some of their cultural and economic traditions from their homeland, such as cuisine, clothing, holidays, language, remittances, investments, and charity.

Some of the notable Egyptian Americans who have excelled in their respective fields and professions are:

Mohamed Atalla: He was an engineer and inventor who developed the metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET), which is the basic building block of modern electronics and computer chips. He was also a pioneer in the field of silicon surface passivation, which improved the performance and reliability of semiconductor devices. He was awarded the National Medal of Science in 2009. ¹
Ahmed Zewail: He was a chemist and Nobel laureate who developed the technique of femtochemistry, which allows the observation of chemical reactions at the scale of femtoseconds (10^-15 seconds). He was also a professor at the California Institute of Technology, and a science adviser to President Barack Obama. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1999. ²
Magdi Yacoub: He is a cardiac surgeon and professor who performed the first heart and lung transplant in the United Kingdom, and the first heart transplant in a child. He is also the founder and director of the Magdi Yacoub Heart Foundation, which provides free medical care and research for cardiovascular diseases in Egypt and Africa. He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in 1992. ³
Hoda Kotb: She is a television journalist and co-host of the Today show on NBC. She is also a correspondent for Dateline NBC, and a best-selling author of several books. She has won several awards for her reporting, including a Peabody Award, a Gracie Award, and a Daytime Emmy Award. She was inducted into the Broadcasting and Cable Hall of Fame in 2015.
Rami Malek: He is an actor and producer who won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of Freddie Mercury in the biographical film Bohemian Rhapsody. He is also known for his roles in the television series Mr. Robot, for which he won a Primetime Emmy Award, and The Pacific, for which he won a Screen Actors Guild Award. He is also the first actor of Egyptian descent to win an Oscar.
Bassem Youssef: He is a comedian and satirist who hosted the popular political satire show Al-Bernameg (The Program) in Egypt, which was inspired by The Daily Show with Jon Stewart. He is also a writer, producer, and actor, who has appeared in films and shows such as Tickling Giants, The Arabic Version, and Plant B. He was named one of the 100 most influential people in the world by Time magazine in 2013.

Egyptian Americans have also participated and contributed to the politics and government of the United States, as voters, candidates, activists, advocates, and public servants. Some of the notable Egyptian American politicians and public officials are:

Abdeen Jabara: He was the first Arab American to be elected to public office in the U.S., serving as a member of the Dearborn City Council in Michigan from 1972 to 1976. He was also a co-founder and president of the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee (ADC), the largest Arab American civil rights organization in the U.S.
Dina Habib Powell: She was the Assistant Secretary of State for Educational and Cultural Affairs from 2005 to 2007, and the Deputy National Security Advisor for Strategy from 2017 to 2018. She was also the president of the Goldman Sachs Foundation, and a senior fellow at the Future of Diplomacy Project at Harvard University. She was named one of the 50 most powerful women in the world by Forbes magazine in 2017.
Rashad Hussain: He was the U.S. Special Envoy to the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) from 2010 to 2015, and the U.S. Special Envoy for Strategic Counterterrorism Communications from 2015 to 2017. He was also a member of the National Security Council staff, and a visiting faculty member at Georgetown University. He was named one of the 500 most influential Muslims in the world by the Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre in 2010.
Omar Qudrat: He was the Republican candidate for the U.S. House of Representatives from California's 52nd congressional district in 2018, but lost to the incumbent Democrat Scott Peters. He was also a former prosecutor at the Department of Defense, and a captain in the U.S. Army Reserve. He was endorsed by several prominent Republicans, such as former House Speaker Newt Gingrich and former U.N. Ambassador John Bolton.

Egyptian Americans have also engaged in philanthropy and charity, both in the U.S. and in Egypt, donating money or resources to various causes or organizations that address the social and humanitarian needs and challenges of the people. Some of the notable Egyptian American philanthropists and charities are:

Mohamed El-Erian: He is an economist and investor who is the chief economic adviser of Allianz, and a former CEO of PIMCO. He is also a trustee of several institutions, such as the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, the NBER, and the IMF. He has donated millions of dollars to various causes, such as education, health, and development. He was named one of the 100 most influential people in the world by Time magazine in 2009.
Nassef Sawiris: He is a businessman and billionaire who is the CEO of Orascom Construction Industries, and the chairman of Aston Villa Football Club. He is also a board member of several organizations, such as the Dubai International Financial Centre, the Cleveland Clinic, and the University of Chicago. He has donated millions of dollars to various causes, such as arts, culture, and education. He was named one of the 100 most influential people in the world by Time magazine in 2011.
Magdi Yacoub Heart Foundation: This is a non-profit organization that provides free medical care and research for cardiovascular diseases in Egypt and Africa. It was founded by Magdi Yacoub, the renowned cardiac surgeon and professor, in 2008. It operates the Aswan Heart Centre, which is a state-of-the-art facility that offers diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of heart diseases. It also conducts training and education programs for medical professionals and students.
Coptic Orphans: This is a non-profit organization that supports the education and development of orphaned and vulnerable children in Egypt. It was founded by Nermien Riad, an Egyptian American engineer and educator, in 1988. It operates through a network of volunteers and partners, who provide mentoring, tutoring, and financial assistance to the children and their families. It also advocates for the rights and welfare of the Coptic community in Egypt and abroad.

These are some of the individual and group contributions of Egyptian Americans to the American society and beyond. They demonstrate the skills, talents, and generosity of Egyptian Americans, as well as their diversity and dynamism. They also reflect their dual heritage and citizenship, as they participate and contribute to both the U.S. and the Egyptian societies.

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